CSS 變換

CSS 變換實戰

使用以下示例中的滑塊，修改 3D 空間中立方體的平移、旋轉、縮放和斜切 CSS 變換屬性。當您在 3D 空間中移動立方體時，請注意它與標記為 z:0px 的元素互動的方式，該元素位於 3D 位置 (0, 0, 0)。

<article>
  <fieldset id="allTransformFieldset">
    <legend>
      Transform settings
      <button id="resetAllButton" aria-label="Reset">↻</button>
    </legend>
    <section id="fieldsetSection">
      <fieldset class="transformFieldset">
        <legend>
          <label>
            <span>Translation</span>
          </label>
          <button
            id="translateSectionReset"
            class="resetSectionButton"
            aria-label="Reset">
            ↻
          </button>
        </legend>
        <div class="controlsContainer">
          <div>
            <label>
              <span id="translateXLabel">X</span>
              <input
                type="range"
                min="-100"
                max="100"
                value="0"
                data-default="0"
                id="translateXRange"
                aria-labelledby="translateXLabel" />
            </label>
            <output id="translateXOutput" for="translateXRange"></output>
          </div>
          <div>
            <label>
              <span id="translateYLabel">Y</span>
              <input
                type="range"
                min="-100"
                max="100"
                value="0"
                data-default="0"
                id="translateYRange"
                aria-labelledby="translateYLabel" />
            </label>
            <output id="translateYOutput" for="translateYRange"></output>
          </div>
          <div>
            <label>
              <span id="translateZLabel">Z</span>
              <input
                type="range"
                min="-100"
                max="100"
                value="0"
                data-default="0"
                id="translateZRange"
                aria-labelledby="translateZLabel" />
            </label>
            <output id="translateZOutput" for="translateZRange"></output>
          </div>
        </div>
      </fieldset>

      <fieldset class="transformFieldset">
        <legend>
          <label>
            <span>Rotation</span>
          </label>
          <button
            id="rotateSectionReset"
            class="resetSectionButton"
            aria-label="Reset">
            ↻
          </button>
        </legend>
        <div class="controlsContainer">
          <div>
            <label>
              <span id="rotateXLabel">X</span>
              <input
                type="range"
                min="-360"
                max="360"
                value="0"
                data-default="0"
                id="rotateXRange"
                aria-labelledby="rotateXLabel" />
            </label>
            <output id="rotateXOutput" for="rotateXRange"></output>
          </div>
          <div>
            <label>
              <span id="rotateYLabel">Y</span>
              <input
                type="range"
                min="-360"
                max="360"
                value="0"
                data-default="0"
                id="rotateYRange"
                aria-labelledby="rotateYLabel" />
            </label>
            <output id="rotateYOutput" for="rotateYRange"></output>
          </div>
          <div>
            <label>
              <span id="rotateZLabel">Z</span>
              <input
                type="range"
                min="-360"
                max="360"
                value="0"
                data-default="0"
                id="rotateZRange"
                aria-labelledby="rotateZLabel" />
            </label>
            <output id="rotateZOutput" for="rotateZRange"></output>
          </div>
        </div>
      </fieldset>

      <fieldset class="transformFieldset">
        <legend>
          <label>
            <span>Scale</span>
          </label>
          <button
            id="scaleSectionReset"
            class="resetSectionButton"
            aria-label="Reset">
            ↻
          </button>
        </legend>
        <div class="controlsContainer">
          <div>
            <label>
              <span id="scaleXLabel">X</span>
              <input
                type="range"
                min="0.1"
                max="2.5"
                value="1"
                data-default="1"
                step="0.1"
                id="scaleXRange"
                aria-labelledby="scaleXLabel" />
            </label>
            <output id="scaleXOutput" for="scaleXRange"></output>
          </div>
          <div>
            <label id="scaleYLabel">
              <span>Y</span>
              <input
                type="range"
                min="0.1"
                max="2.5"
                value="1"
                data-default="1"
                step="0.1"
                id="scaleYRange"
                aria-labelledby="scaleYLabel" />
            </label>
            <output id="scaleYOutput" for="scaleYRange"></output>
          </div>
          <div>
            <label id="scaleZLabel">
              <span>Z</span>
              <input
                type="range"
                min="0.1"
                max="2.5"
                value="1"
                data-default="1"
                step="0.1"
                id="scaleZRange"
                aria-labelledby="scaleZLabel" />
            </label>
            <output id="scaleZOutput" for="scaleZRange"></output>
          </div>
        </div>
      </fieldset>

      <fieldset class="transformFieldset">
        <legend>
          <label>
            <span>Skew</span>
          </label>
          <button
            id="skewSectionReset"
            class="resetSectionButton"
            aria-label="Reset">
            ↻
          </button>
        </legend>
        <div class="controlsContainer">
          <div>
            <label>
              <span id="skewXLabel">X</span>
              <input
                type="range"
                min="-90"
                max="90"
                value="0"
                data-default="0"
                id="skewXRange"
                aria-labelledby="skewXLabel" />
            </label>
            <output id="skewXOutput" for="skewXRange"></output>
          </div>
          <div>
            <label>
              <span id="skewYLabel">Y</span>
              <input
                type="range"
                min="-90"
                max="90"
                value="0"
                data-default="0"
                id="skewYRange"
                aria-labelledby="skewYLabel" />
            </label>
            <output id="skewYOutput" for="skewYRange"></output>
          </div>
        </div>
      </fieldset>

      <fieldset class="transformFieldset">
        <legend>
          <label>
            <span>Container Perspective</span>
          </label>
          <button
            id="containerPerspectiveSectionReset"
            class="resetSectionButton"
            aria-label="Reset">
            ↻
          </button>
        </legend>
        <div class="controlsContainer">
          <div>
            <label>
              <span id="perspectiveLabel"><code>perspective</code></span>
              <input
                type="range"
                min="75"
                max="500"
                value="200"
                data-default="200"
                id="perspectiveRange"
                aria-labelledby="perspectiveLabel" />
            </label>
            <output id="perspectiveOutput" for="perspectiveRange"></output>
          </div>
          <div>
            <label>
              <span id="perspectiveOriginXLabel"
                ><code>perspective-origin</code> X (%)</span
              >
              <input
                type="range"
                min="0"
                max="100"
                value="50"
                data-default="50"
                id="perspectiveOriginXRange"
                aria-labelledby="perspectiveOriginXLabel" />
            </label>
            <output
              id="perspectiveOriginXOutput"
              for="perspectiveOriginXRange"></output>
          </div>
          <div>
            <label>
              <span><code>perspective-origin</code> Y (%)</span>
              <input
                type="range"
                min="0"
                max="100"
                value="50"
                data-default="50"
                id="perspectiveOriginYRange"
                aria-labelledby="perspectiveOriginYLabel" />
            </label>
            <output
              id="perspectiveOriginYOutput"
              for="perspectiveOriginYRange"></output>
          </div>
        </div>
      </fieldset>

      <fieldset class="transformFieldset">
        <legend>
          <label>
            <span>Other Properties</span>
          </label>
          <button
            id="otherSectionReset"
            class="resetSectionButton"
            aria-label="Reset">
            ↻
          </button>
        </legend>
        <div class="controlsContainer">
          <div>
            <label>
              <span><code>backface-visibility</code></span>
              <input
                type="checkbox"
                checked="checked"
                data-default="checked"
                id="backfaceVisibilityCheckbox" />
            </label>
          </div>
        </div>
      </fieldset>
    </section>
  </fieldset>
  <section id="outputSection">
    <div id="outputContainer">
      <div id="cube">
        <div class="face front">1</div>
        <div class="face back">2</div>
        <div class="face right">3</div>
        <div class="face left">4</div>
        <div class="face top">5</div>
        <div class="face bottom">6</div>
      </div>
      <div id="z0"><code>z:0px</code></div>
    </div>
    <div id="perspectiveDot"></div>
  </section>
</article>

#allTransformFieldset {
  border: none;
  padding: 0;
  margin-bottom: 4px;
  accent-color: blue; /* or any color */
  font-family:
    "Inter", "Segoe UI", "Roboto", "Oxygen", "Ubuntu", "Cantarell", "Fira Sans",
    "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif;
}

#allTransformFieldset > legend {
  margin-bottom: 4px;
}

fieldset {
  margin: 0;
}

legend {
  font-weight: bold;
  padding: 0;
}

#fieldsetSection {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  align-items: start;
  gap: 8px;
}

#outputSection {
  width: 100%;
  min-height: 400px;
  background: linear-gradient(skyblue, khaki);
  display: flex;
  justify-content: center;
  align-items: center;
  position: relative;
  overflow: clip;
}

#outputContainer {
  position: absolute;
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  perspective: 200px;
  display: flex;
  justify-content: center;
  align-items: center;
  transform-style: preserve-3d;
  pointer-events: none;
}

#z0 {
  width: 50px;
  height: 50px;
  background: linear-gradient(
    to right bottom,
    rgb(223 223 223),
    rgb(190 190 190)
  );
  transform: translateZ(0px);
  position: absolute;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  font-size: 14px;
  color: black;
  border-radius: 50%;
  outline: 1px solid rgb(0 0 0 / 0.35);
  pointer-events: all;
}

#perspectiveDot {
  width: 4px;
  height: 4px;
  border-radius: 50%;
  background-color: rgb(240 0 0 / 0.5);
  transform: translate3d(-2px, -2px, 0px);
  position: absolute;
}

#cube {
  width: 100px;
  height: 100px;
  transform-style: preserve-3d;
  transition: all 0.075s ease-out;
  position: absolute;
  pointer-events: all;
}

.face {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  position: absolute;
  backface-visibility: inherit;
  font-size: 60px;
  color: white;
}

.front {
  background: rgb(90 90 90 / 0.7);
  transform: translateZ(50px);
}

.back {
  background: rgb(0 210 0 / 0.7);
  transform: rotateY(180deg) translateZ(50px);
}

.right {
  background: rgb(210 0 0 / 0.7);
  transform: rotateY(90deg) translateZ(50px);
}

.left {
  background: rgb(0 0 210 / 0.7);
  transform: rotateY(-90deg) translateZ(50px);
}

.top {
  background: rgb(210 210 0 / 0.7);
  transform: rotateX(90deg) translateZ(50px);
}

.bottom {
  background: rgb(210 0 210 / 0.7);
  transform: rotateX(-90deg) translateZ(50px);
}

.transformFieldset {
  margin: 0;
}

.controlsContainer {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  align-items: start;
  gap: 4px;
}

.controlsContainer {
  width: 100%;
}

.controlsContainer > div {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: row;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 4px;
}

.controlsContainer > div > label {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: row;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 4px;
}

button {
  font-size: 18px;
  border-radius: 50%;
  border: #cccccc solid 1px;
  padding: 0;
  width: 26px;
  height: 26px;
  margin-left: 4px;
}

input[type="range"] {
  width: 172px;
}

output {
  width: 3em;
}

allTransformFieldset
  .querySelectorAll("input[type='range']")
  .forEach((rangeInput) => {
    // Event listeners for when the range inputs change
    rangeInput.addEventListener("input", (el) => {
      updateTransform();
    });

    // Reset the relevant transform setting when the range input is double clicked
    rangeInput.addEventListener("dblclick", (el) => {
      resetInput(el.target);
      updateTransform();
    });
  });

// Event listeners for when checkbox inputs change
allTransformFieldset
  .querySelectorAll("input[type='checkbox']")
  .forEach((checkboxInput) => {
    checkboxInput.addEventListener("input", (el) => {
      updateTransform();
    });
  });

// "Reset All" button event listener
resetAllButton.addEventListener("click", () => {
  allTransformFieldset.querySelectorAll("input").forEach((input) => {
    resetInput(input);
  });
  updateTransform();
});

// Section reset button event listeners
allTransformFieldset
  .querySelectorAll(".resetSectionButton")
  .forEach((resetSectionButton) => {
    resetSectionButton.addEventListener("click", (el) => {
      let allRanges = el.target.parentElement.parentElement.querySelectorAll(
        "input[type='range']",
      );
      allRanges.forEach((range) => {
        resetInput(range);
      });

      let allCheckboxes =
        el.target.parentElement.parentElement.querySelectorAll(
          "input[type='checkbox']",
        );
      allCheckboxes.forEach((check) => {
        resetInput(check);
      });

      updateTransform();
    });
  });

function resetInput(inputEl) {
  if (!inputEl) {
    console.warn(`inputEl \`${inputEl}\` is falsy!`);
    console.trace();
    return;
  }

  const defaultValue = inputEl.getAttribute("data-default");
  if (inputEl.getAttribute("type") === "checkbox") {
    inputEl.checked = defaultValue === "checked";
  } else {
    inputEl.value = defaultValue || "0";
  }
}

function updateOutputs() {
  translateXOutput.value = `${translateXRange.value}px`;
  translateYOutput.value = `${translateYRange.value}px`;
  translateZOutput.value = `${translateZRange.value}px`;

  rotateXOutput.value = `${rotateXRange.value}°`;
  rotateYOutput.value = `${rotateYRange.value}°`;
  rotateZOutput.value = `${rotateZRange.value}°`;

  scaleXOutput.value = `${scaleXRange.value}x`;
  scaleYOutput.value = `${scaleYRange.value}x`;
  scaleZOutput.value = `${scaleZRange.value}x`;

  skewXOutput.value = `${skewXRange.value}°`;
  skewYOutput.value = `${skewYRange.value}°`;

  perspectiveOutput.value = `${perspectiveRange.value}px`;

  perspectiveOriginXOutput.value = `${perspectiveOriginXRange.value}%`;
  perspectiveOriginYOutput.value = `${perspectiveOriginYRange.value}%`;
}

function updateTransform() {
  updateOutputs();

  cube.style.transform = `translate3d(${translateXRange.value}px,
                ${translateYRange.value}px,
                ${translateZRange.value}px)
                rotateX(${rotateXRange.value}deg)
                rotateY(${rotateYRange.value}deg)
                rotateZ(${rotateZRange.value}deg)
                scale3d(${scaleXRange.value},
                ${scaleYRange.value},
                ${scaleZRange.value})
                skewX(${skewXRange.value}deg)
                skewY(${skewYRange.value}deg)`;
  cube.style.backfaceVisibility = `${backfaceVisibilityCheckbox.checked ? "visible" : "hidden"}`;

  outputContainer.style.perspective = `${perspectiveRange.value}px`;
  outputContainer.style.perspectiveOrigin = `${perspectiveOriginXRange.value}% ${perspectiveOriginYRange.value}%`;

  perspectiveDot.style.top = `${perspectiveOriginYRange.value}%`;
  perspectiveDot.style.left = `${perspectiveOriginXRange.value}%`;
}
updateTransform();

您還可以使用 perspective 滑塊來修改立方體容器的 perspective 屬性，該屬性決定了您與 z=0 平面之間的距離。

perspective-origin 滑塊決定了您（觀察者）在 3D 空間中看向何處，以確定視角的消失點。該消失點由一個小的紅點表示。您可以想象移動這些滑塊就像您 physically 移動頭部上下左右，以檢視立方體的不同部分，而無需移動立方體本身。

backface-visibility 複選框決定了立方體的背面是設定為 visible 還是 hidden。

上述示例中的立方體由六個 <div> 元素組成，所有這些元素都透過 CSS 樣式化以建立立方體的各個面。立方體並非使用 2D 或 3D canvas 上下文繪製，因此您可以像檢查任何其他 DOM 元素一樣，使用瀏覽器的開發者工具檢查立方體的各個面。嘗試使用瀏覽器的開發者工具元素選擇器，在您變換立方體位置和旋轉時檢查它的不同面。

注意： 變換（包括 3D 旋轉）的應用順序會影響最終的變換結果。在上述示例中，變換的順序是平移、縮放、旋轉，然後是斜切。旋轉的順序是 X → Y → Z。