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const n = 123; // allocates memory for a number
const s = "string"; // allocates memory for a string

const o = {
  a: 1,
  b: null,
}; // allocates memory for an object and contained values

// (like object) allocates memory for the array and
// contained values
const a = [1, null, "str2"];

function f(a) {
  return a + 2;
} // allocates a function (which is a callable object)

// function expressions also allocate an object
someElement.addEventListener("click", () => {
  someElement.style.backgroundColor = "blue";
});

const d = new Date(); // allocates a Date object

const e = document.createElement("div"); // allocates a DOM element

const s = "string";
const s2 = s.substring(0, 3); // s2 is a new string
// Since strings are immutable values,
// JavaScript may decide to not allocate memory,
// but just store the [0, 3] range.

const a = ["yeah yeah", "no no"];
const a2 = ["generation", "no no"];
const a3 = a.concat(a2);
// new array with 4 elements being
// the concatenation of a and a2 elements.

let x = {
  a: {
    b: 2,
  },
};
// 2 objects are created. One is referenced by the other as one of its properties.
// The other is referenced by virtue of being assigned to the 'x' variable.
// Obviously, none can be garbage-collected.

let y = x;
// The 'y' variable is the second thing that has a reference to the object.

x = 1;
// Now, the object that was originally in 'x' has a unique reference
// embodied by the 'y' variable.

let z = y.a;
// Reference to 'a' property of the object.
// This object now has 2 references: one as a property,
// the other as the 'z' variable.

y = "mozilla";
// The object that was originally in 'x' has now zero
// references to it. It can be garbage-collected.
// However its 'a' property is still referenced by
// the 'z' variable, so it cannot be freed.

z = null;
// The 'a' property of the object originally in x
// has zero references to it. It can be garbage collected.

function f() {
  const x = {};
  const y = {};
  x.a = y; // x references y
  y.a = x; // y references x

  return "azerty";
}

f();

node --max-old-space-size=6000 index.js

node --expose-gc --inspect index.js

const wm = new WeakMap();
const key = {};
wm.set(key, { key });
// Now `key` cannot be garbage collected,
// because the value holds a reference to the key,
// and the value is strongly held in the map!

class MyWeakMap {
  #marker = Symbol("MyWeakMapData");
  get(key) {
    return key[this.#marker];
  }
  set(key, value) {
    key[this.#marker] = value;
  }
  has(key) {
    return this.#marker in key;
  }
  delete(key) {
    delete key[this.#marker];
  }
}

function cached(getter) {
  // A Map from string URLs to WeakRefs of results
  const cache = new Map();
  return async (key) => {
    if (cache.has(key)) {
      const dereferencedValue = cache.get(key).deref();
      if (dereferencedValue !== undefined) {
        return dereferencedValue;
      }
    }
    const value = await getter(key);
    cache.set(key, new WeakRef(value));
    return value;
  };
}

const getImage = cached((url) => fetch(url).then((res) => res.blob()));

function cached(getter) {
  // A Map from string URLs to WeakRefs of results
  const cache = new Map();
  // Every time after a value is garbage collected, the callback is
  // called with the key in the cache as argument, allowing us to remove
  // the cache entry
  const registry = new FinalizationRegistry((key) => {
    // Note: it's important to test that the WeakRef is indeed empty.
    // Otherwise, the callback may be called after a new object has been
    // added with this key, and that new, alive object gets deleted
    if (!cache.get(key)?.deref()) {
      cache.delete(key);
    }
  });
  return async (key) => {
    if (cache.has(key)) {
      return cache.get(key).deref();
    }
    const value = await getter(key);
    cache.set(key, new WeakRef(value));
    registry.register(value, key);
    return value;
  };
}

const getImage = cached((url) => fetch(url).then((res) => res.blob()));